This section will only cover the differences between the translation process in eukaryotes and that in prokaryotes. Therefore, make sure that you understand the process in E. coli before proceeding.
The major differences are:
Ribosome: Eukaryotes have an 80S ribosome composed of a 60S Large Subunit (with 5S rRNA, 5.8S rRNA and 28S rRNA) and a 40S Small Subunit (with an 18S rRNA).
Initiation 1: Instead of forming by an interaction between the rRNA and a Shine-Dalgarno sequence, the initiation complex usually forms at the 5' CAP on the mRNA. Eukaryotes do not have a Shine-Dalgarno sequence. A protein called Cap Binding Protein (CBP) binds to the CAP and then this is bound by the 40S Ribosome Subunit. Once this complex forms it scans along the mRNA until it reaches a Start codon within a Kozak sequence as discussed below.
Initiation 2: Eukaryotes do not use f-Met. Instead, the first charged tRNA brought in is simply charged with Met. However, Eukaryotes do have a special initiator tRNA which is charged with Met and which is bound to the Start codon.
Initiation 3: Eukaryotes do not use GUG as a start codon, as is sometimes found in Eukaryotes. Instead, only AUG is utilized.
Kozak sequence: The consensus sequence GCCRCCAUGG is found at the Start codon, which is indicated in bold. The initiation complex scans along the mRNA from the 5' end until it reaches this sequence and then the initiator tRNA can enter, binding at the AUG start codon within the Kozak sequence. Changes in this sequence affect the efficiency of initiation, and the manner in which changes affect efficiency are referred to as Kozak's rules.
Termination: Eukaryotes only have a single Release Factor which is responsible for recognizing all three Stop codons.
You can watch the general translation process in this video: